| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected but not Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2012-09-06 15:16:49 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:51:35 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0014339 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Tramadol |
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| Description | Tramadol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a narcotic analgesic proposed for moderate to severe pain. It may be habituating (PubChem). Tramadol and its O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) are selective, weak OP3-receptor agonists. Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP is located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. The analgesic properties of tramadol can be attributed to norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake blockade in the CNS, which inhibits pain transmission in the spinal cord. The (+) enantiomer has a higher affinity for the OP3 receptor and preferentially inhibits serotonin uptake and enhances serotonin release. The (-) enantiomer preferentially inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by stimulating alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors. |
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| Structure | COC1=CC=CC(=C1)[C@@]1(O)CCCC[C@@H]1CN(C)C InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1 |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| (+)-Tramadol | ChEBI | | (+)-trans-2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(m-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol | ChEBI | | Amanda | Kegg | | 1a Brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | ASTA medica brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | AbZ brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Adolonta | HMDB | | Bayvit brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Bexal brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Dolorgiet brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Edigen brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Hexal brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Lindopharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | MTW Brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | MTW Tramadol | HMDB | | Mabo brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Q-Pharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Rowa brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Theraplix brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Tradol-puren | HMDB | | TradolPuren | HMDB | | Trama 1a pharma | HMDB | | Trama KD | HMDB | | Tramadol asta medica | HMDB | | Tramadol bexal | HMDB | | Tramadol edigen | HMDB | | Tramadol ratiopharm | HMDB | | TramadolHameln | HMDB | | Ultram | HMDB | | Zydol | HMDB | | Alpharma brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Biodalgic | HMDB | | Byk brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Ciclum brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Cinfa brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Clonmel brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Contramal | HMDB | | Elerte brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Expanscience brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Hameln brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Jutadol | HMDB | | Knoll brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Krewel brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | MTWTramadol | HMDB | | Medix brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | TAD brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Theradol | HMDB | | Tiral | HMDB | | Tradol puren | HMDB | | Tradonal | HMDB | | Trama-dorsch | HMDB | | TramaDorsch | HMDB | | Tramadin | HMDB | | Tramadoc | HMDB | | Tramadol 1a | HMDB | | Tramadol al | HMDB | | Tramadol bayvit | HMDB | | Tramadol mabo | HMDB | | Tramadol PB | HMDB | | Tramadol acis | HMDB | | TramadolDolgit | HMDB | | Tramadolor | HMDB | | Tramagetic | HMDB | | Tramagit | HMDB | | Zambon brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Zamudol | HMDB | | Zytram | HMDB | | Betapharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Aliud brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Amadol | HMDB | | CSL Brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Christiaens brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Erempharma brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Grunenthal brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Heumann brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Juta brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Kern brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Lakeside brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Lichtenstein brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Mundipharma brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Nobligan | HMDB | | Ortho brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Ranitidin 1a pharma | HMDB | | Ratiopharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Searle brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Stadapharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Takadol | HMDB | | Topalgic | HMDB | | Tradol | HMDB | | Tralgiol | HMDB | | Trama abz | HMDB | | Tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Tramadol normon | HMDB | | Tramadol-hameln | HMDB | | Tramadol-ratiopharm | HMDB | | Tramadolratiopharm | HMDB | | Tramake | HMDB | | Trasedal | HMDB | | Viatris brand OF tramadol | HMDB | | Acis brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Allphar brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Antigen brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Azupharma brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Basics brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Biocodex brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Biokanol | HMDB | | Docpharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Janssen brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Kade brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | MTW-Tramadol | HMDB | | Merck dura brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Normon brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Prontofort | HMDB | | Q Pharm brand OF tramadol hydrochloride | HMDB | | Trama dorsch | HMDB | | Tramabeta | HMDB | | Tramadol basics | HMDB | | Tramadol cinfa | HMDB | | Tramadol dolgit | HMDB | | Tramadol hameln | HMDB | | Tramadol heumann | HMDB | | Tramadol kern | HMDB | | Tramadol lichtenstein | HMDB | | Tramadol lindo | HMDB | | Tramadol stada | HMDB | | Tramadol viatris brand | HMDB | | Tramadol-dolgit | HMDB | | Tramadura | HMDB | | Tramal | HMDB | | Tramex | HMDB | | Tramundin | HMDB | | Xymel 50 | HMDB | | Zumalgic | HMDB |
|
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| Chemical Formula | C16H25NO2 |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 263.3752 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 263.188529049 |
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| IUPAC Name | (1R,2R)-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol |
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| Traditional Name | tramadol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 27203-92-5 |
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| SMILES | COC1=CC=CC(=C1)[C@@]1(O)CCCC[C@@H]1CN(C)C |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1 |
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| InChI Key | TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anisoles. These are organic compounds containing a methoxybenzene or a derivative thereof. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Benzenoids |
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| Class | Phenol ethers |
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| Sub Class | Anisoles |
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| Direct Parent | Anisoles |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Phenoxy compound
- Anisole
- Methoxybenzene
- Alkyl aryl ether
- Cyclohexanol
- Aralkylamine
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Tertiary alcohol
- Cyclic alcohol
- Tertiary aliphatic amine
- Tertiary amine
- Ether
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Alcohol
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | - 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol (CHEBI:75725 )
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| Ontology |
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| Not Available | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | 180 - 181 °C | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | 0.75 g/L | Not Available | | LogP | 2.4 | Not Available |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections| Adduct Type | Data Source | CCS Value (Å2) | Reference |
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| [M+H]+ | CBM | 161.4 | 30932474 |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times Underivatized| Chromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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| Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 3.59 minutes | 32390414 | | Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 3.56 minutes | 32390414 | | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 9.8775 minutes | 33406817 | | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 2.69 minutes | 32390414 | | AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid | 157.1 seconds | 40023050 | | Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 852.2 seconds | 40023050 | | Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid | 212.5 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 143.7 seconds | 40023050 | | Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid | 178.4 seconds | 40023050 | | RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 112.4 seconds | 40023050 | | Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 300.0 seconds | 40023050 | | BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 374.9 seconds | 40023050 | | HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate) | 897.2 seconds | 40023050 | | UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid | 774.6 seconds | 40023050 | | BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 161.5 seconds | 40023050 | | UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid | 863.4 seconds | 40023050 | | SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 177.6 seconds | 40023050 | | RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid | 292.4 seconds | 40023050 | | MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate | 672.7 seconds | 40023050 | | KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA | 436.0 seconds | 40023050 | | Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water | 59.0 seconds | 40023050 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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| Spectra |
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| GC-MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tramadol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0a4i-9650000000-250d842ef06233328170 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tramadol GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-05fr-5193000000-dd2e84f70a47d0634c43 | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tramadol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Tramadol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0a4i-9010000000-ffea37e400f0860f2e7f | 2014-09-20 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-1550dc2447717d7d8728 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-7850be0ba78033f1f677 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-62a3c5cb6717bff20e2c | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-05fs-0930000000-b8297a71c45e9630f6c0 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-05fr-0900000000-f650c49b70db20869d0f | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-0adl-0900000000-b17dfc32e2eb57efaf42 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0002-0090000000-c35bec467cfec28511fb | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-1090000000-9ca08dcdc5a2027bcb03 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9030000000-469467d2583e7202d89f | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-89f055b497c88cdc5e79 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-1922068301c6d3b4f457 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-1922068301c6d3b4f457 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-5a9396f20ce15b9c08ba | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-1090000000-e040861e9fa18a8f44a5 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9030000000-fa1522b6a491e6da41c9 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-8ab0ebc3ceff7c5e5ce5 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-7645dc9b29d8b2867495 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-70cad0a31ff2d57bab81 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol LC-ESI-ITFT , positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-bf1b2c15c6511355c9e1 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01ot-0090000000-7fe9a41fb060355ba0c0 | 2016-08-02 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0hft-1190000000-8c3c0de6df7ced23802a | 2016-08-02 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pbc-9120000000-4f0e74f6721de4ccf067 | 2016-08-02 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-24bef5bd2510914bee83 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-1490000000-3314217686d7d48bff0d | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Tramadol 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4l-9380000000-76c818434cc5aeed5aca | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biospecimen Locations | |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Available | Not Available | Taking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00193 | | details | | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Available | Not Available | Taking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00193 | | details | | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Predicted Concentrations |
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| Blood | 0.000 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | Predicted based on drug qualities | | Blood | 0.000 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | Predicted based on drug qualities |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | None |
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| Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB00193 |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | Not Available |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| Chemspider ID | 31105 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C07153 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Tramadol |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound | 33741 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 75725 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | Not Available |
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| MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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| Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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| General References | - Dayer P, Desmeules J, Collart L: [Pharmacology of tramadol]. Drugs. 1997;53 Suppl 2:18-24. [PubMed:9190321 ]
- Gobel H, Stadler T: [Treatment of post-herpes zoster pain with tramadol. Results of an open pilot study versus clomipramine with or without levomepromazine]. Drugs. 1997;53 Suppl 2:34-9. [PubMed:9190323 ]
- Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M, Edelman S, Greene D, Raskin P, Donofrio P, Cornblath D, Sachdeo R, Siu CO, Kamin M: Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6):1842-6. [PubMed:9633738 ]
- Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M, Edelman SV, Greene D, Raskin P, Donofrio P, Cornblath D, Olson WH, Kamin M: Maintenance of the long-term effectiveness of tramadol in treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2000 Mar-Apr;14(2):65-70. [PubMed:10959067 ]
- Boureau F, Legallicier P, Kabir-Ahmadi M: Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2003 Jul;104(1-2):323-31. [PubMed:12855342 ]
- (). FDA label . .
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