| Identification |
|---|
| HMDB Protein ID
| HMDBP13662 |
| Secondary Accession Numbers
| None |
| Name
| Exendin-4 |
| Synonyms
|
Not Available
|
| Gene Name
| Not Available |
| Protein Type
| Unknown |
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| General Function
| Not Available |
| Specific Function
| Venom protein that mimics the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It stimulates insulin synthesis and secretion, protects against beta-cell apoptosis in response to different insults, and promotes beta-cell proliferation. It also promotes satiety, reduces food intake, reduces fat deposition, reduces body weight and inhibits gastric emptying. Interacts with GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R). Induces hypotension that is mediated by relaxation of cardiac smooth muscle. |
| Pathways
|
Not Available
|
| Reactions
| Not Available |
| GO Classification
|
| Biological Process |
| regulation of blood pressure |
| Cellular Component |
| extracellular region |
| Molecular Function |
| toxin activity |
| hormone activity |
|
| Cellular Location
|
Not Available
|
| Gene Properties |
|---|
| Chromosome Location
| Not Available |
| Locus
| Not Available |
| SNPs
| Not Available |
| Gene Sequence
|
Not Available
|
| Protein Properties |
|---|
| Number of Residues
| Not Available |
| Molecular Weight
| 9478.73 |
| Theoretical pI
| Not Available |
| Pfam Domain Function
|
|
| Signals
|
|
|
Transmembrane Regions
|
Not Available
|
| Protein Sequence
|
Not Available
|
| External Links |
|---|
| GenBank ID Protein
| Not Available |
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID
| P26349 |
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name
| EXE4_HELSU |
| PDB IDs
|
|
| GenBank Gene ID
| Not Available |
| GeneCard ID
| Not Available |
| GenAtlas ID
| Not Available |
| HGNC ID
| Not Available |
| References |
|---|
| General References
| - Fry BG, Roelants K, Winter K, Hodgson WC, Griesman L, Kwok HF, Scanlon D, Karas J, Shaw C, Wong L, Norman JA: Novel venom proteins produced by differential domain-expression strategies in beaded lizards and gila monsters (genus Heloderma). Mol Biol Evol. 2010 Feb;27(2):395-407. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp251. Epub 2009 Oct 15. [PubMed:19837656 ]
- Thorens B, Porret A, Buhler L, Deng SP, Morel P, Widmann C: Cloning and functional expression of the human islet GLP-1 receptor. Demonstration that exendin-4 is an agonist and exendin-(9-39) an antagonist of the receptor. Diabetes. 1993 Nov;42(11):1678-82. doi: 10.2337/diab.42.11.1678. [PubMed:8405712 ]
- Chen YE, Drucker DJ: Tissue-specific expression of unique mRNAs that encode proglucagon-derived peptides or exendin 4 in the lizard. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 14;272(7):4108-15. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.7.4108. [PubMed:9020121 ]
- Pohl M, Wank SA: Molecular cloning of the helodermin and exendin-4 cDNAs in the lizard. Relationship to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 and evidence against the existence of mammalian homologues. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 17;273(16):9778-84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9778. [PubMed:9545315 ]
- Chen T, Kwok H, Ivanyi C, Shaw C: Isolation and cloning of exendin precursor cDNAs from single samples of venom from the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). Toxicon. 2006 Mar;47(3):288-95. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.11.004. Epub 2005 Dec 28. [PubMed:16386282 ]
- Furman BL: The development of Byetta (exenatide) from the venom of the Gila monster as an anti-diabetic agent. Toxicon. 2012 Mar 15;59(4):464-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.016. Epub 2010 Dec 29. [PubMed:21194543 ]
- Mann KV, Raskin P: Exenatide extended-release: a once weekly treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014 Jun 24;7:229-39. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S35331. eCollection 2014. [PubMed:25018644 ]
- Neidigh JW, Fesinmeyer RM, Prickett KS, Andersen NH: Exendin-4 and glucagon-like-peptide-1: NMR structural comparisons in the solution and micelle-associated states. Biochemistry. 2001 Nov 6;40(44):13188-200. doi: 10.1021/bi010902s. [PubMed:11683627 ]
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