Hmdb loader
Identification
HMDB Protein ID HMDBP12614
Secondary Accession Numbers None
Name Apelin receptor early endogenous ligand
Synonyms
  1. Protein Elabela
  2. Protein Toddler
  3. ELA
Gene Name APELA
Protein Type Unknown
Biological Properties
General Function Not Available
Specific Function Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (aplnra and/or aplnrb) (PubMed:24316148, PubMed:24407481). Hormone required for mesendodermal differentiation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis during early development and for adult cardiovascular homeostasis (PubMed:24316148, PubMed:24407481, PubMed:26017639, PubMed:29117894). Acts as a motogen by promoting mesendodermal cell migration during gastrulation by binding and activating the apelin receptor (PubMed:24316148, PubMed:24407481, PubMed:29117894). Acts as an early embryonic regulator of cellular movement with a role in migration and development of cardiac progenitor cells (PubMed:24316148, PubMed:24407481). May act as a chemoattractant for the activation of angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis (PubMed:26017639). Positively regulates sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel sprouting. Involved in cardioprotective functions during heart failure. Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity).
Pathways Not Available
Reactions Not Available
GO Classification
Biological Process
coronary vasculature development
positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis
mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
mesendoderm migration
Kupffer's vesicle development
endodermal cell differentiation
embryonic heart tube development
determination of liver left/right asymmetry
determination of heart left/right asymmetry
chordate embryonic development
cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration
cell migration involved in gastrulation
angioblast cell migration from lateral mesoderm to midline
apelin receptor signaling pathway
vasculogenesis
endoderm development
adult heart development
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
positive regulation of angiogenesis
positive regulation of heart contraction
angiogenesis
heart development
determination of left/right symmetry
Cellular Component
extracellular space
extracellular region
Molecular Function
receptor ligand activity
hormone activity
apelin receptor binding
Cellular Location Not Available
Gene Properties
Chromosome Location Not Available
Locus Not Available
SNPs Not Available
Gene Sequence Not Available
Protein Properties
Number of Residues 58
Molecular Weight 7020.445
Theoretical pI 11.003
Pfam Domain Function Not Available
Signals
  • 1-22;
Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Protein Sequence Not Available
GenBank ID Protein Not Available
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P0DMC2
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ELA_DANRE
PDB IDs Not Available
GenBank Gene ID Not Available
GeneCard ID Not Available
GenAtlas ID Not Available
HGNC ID Not Available
References
General References
  1. Howe K, Clark MD, Torroja CF, Torrance J, Berthelot C, Muffato M, Collins JE, Humphray S, McLaren K, Matthews L, McLaren S, Sealy I, Caccamo M, Churcher C, Scott C, Barrett JC, Koch R, Rauch GJ, White S, Chow W, Kilian B, Quintais LT, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Yen J, Vogel JH, Eyre T, Redmond S, Banerjee R, Chi J, Fu B, Langley E, Maguire SF, Laird GK, Lloyd D, Kenyon E, Donaldson S, Sehra H, Almeida-King J, Loveland J, Trevanion S, Jones M, Quail M, Willey D, Hunt A, Burton J, Sims S, McLay K, Plumb B, Davis J, Clee C, Oliver K, Clark R, Riddle C, Elliot D, Threadgold G, Harden G, Ware D, Begum S, Mortimore B, Kerry G, Heath P, Phillimore B, Tracey A, Corby N, Dunn M, Johnson C, Wood J, Clark S, Pelan S, Griffiths G, Smith M, Glithero R, Howden P, Barker N, Lloyd C, Stevens C, Harley J, Holt K, Panagiotidis G, Lovell J, Beasley H, Henderson C, Gordon D, Auger K, Wright D, Collins J, Raisen C, Dyer L, Leung K, Robertson L, Ambridge K, Leongamornlert D, McGuire S, Gilderthorp R, Griffiths C, Manthravadi D, Nichol S, Barker G, Whitehead S, Kay M, Brown J, Murnane C, Gray E, Humphries M, Sycamore N, Barker D, Saunders D, Wallis J, Babbage A, Hammond S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Barr L, Martin S, Wray P, Ellington A, Matthews N, Ellwood M, Woodmansey R, Clark G, Cooper J, Tromans A, Grafham D, Skuce C, Pandian R, Andrews R, Harrison E, Kimberley A, Garnett J, Fosker N, Hall R, Garner P, Kelly D, Bird C, Palmer S, Gehring I, Berger A, Dooley CM, Ersan-Urun Z, Eser C, Geiger H, Geisler M, Karotki L, Kirn A, Konantz J, Konantz M, Oberlander M, Rudolph-Geiger S, Teucke M, Lanz C, Raddatz G, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Rapp A, Widaa S, Langford C, Yang F, Schuster SC, Carter NP, Harrow J, Ning Z, Herrero J, Searle SM, Enright A, Geisler R, Plasterk RH, Lee C, Westerfield M, de Jong PJ, Zon LI, Postlethwait JH, Nusslein-Volhard C, Hubbard TJ, Roest Crollius H, Rogers J, Stemple DL: The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):498-503. doi: 10.1038/nature12111. Epub 2013 Apr 17. [PubMed:23594743 ]
  2. Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B: ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor. Dev Cell. 2013 Dec 23;27(6):672-80. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Dec 5. [PubMed:24316148 ]
  3. Pauli A, Norris ML, Valen E, Chew GL, Gagnon JA, Zimmerman S, Mitchell A, Ma J, Dubrulle J, Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Joung JK, Saghatelian A, Schier AF: Toddler: an embryonic signal that promotes cell movement via Apelin receptors. Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):1248636. doi: 10.1126/science.1248636. Epub 2014 Jan 9. [PubMed:24407481 ]
  4. Helker CS, Schuermann A, Pollmann C, Chng SC, Kiefer F, Reversade B, Herzog W: The hormonal peptide Elabela guides angioblasts to the midline during vasculogenesis. Elife. 2015 May 27;4. doi: 10.7554/eLife.06726. [PubMed:26017639 ]
  5. Norris ML, Pauli A, Gagnon JA, Lord ND, Rogers KW, Mosimann C, Zon LI, Schier AF: Toddler signaling regulates mesodermal cell migration downstream of Nodal signaling. Elife. 2017 Nov 9;6. doi: 10.7554/eLife.22626. [PubMed:29117894 ]