Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha (HMDBP09088)

Identification Biological properties Gene properties Protein properties External links References XML Show 1 metabolite

Identification

HMDB Protein ID

HMDBP09088

Secondary Accession Numbers

14832

Name

Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha

Synonyms

Sodium channel protein type VIII subunit alpha
Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.6

Gene Name

SCN8A

Protein Type

Unknown

Biological Properties

General Function

Involved in ion channel activity

Specific Function

Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. In macrophages and melanoma cells, isoform 5 may participate in the control of podosome and invadopodia formation

Pathways

Not Available

Reactions

Not Available

GO Classification

Component
macromolecular complex
voltage-gated sodium channel complex
sodium channel complex
cation channel complex
ion channel complex
cell part
protein complex
membrane
Function
cation channel activity
voltage-gated sodium channel activity
sodium channel activity
transporter activity
ion channel activity
ion transmembrane transporter activity
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
transmembrane transporter activity
Process
transmembrane transport
establishment of localization
monovalent inorganic cation transport
sodium ion transport
cation transport
ion transport
transport

Cellular Location

Isoform 5:Cytoplasmic vesicle

Gene Properties

Chromosome Location

Chromosome:1

Locus

12q13

SNPs

SCN8A

Gene Sequence

>5943 bp
ATGGCAGCGCGGCTGCTTGCACCACCAGGCCCTGATAGTTTCAAGCCTTTCACCCCTGAG
TCACTGGCAAACATTGAGAGGCGCATTGCTGAGAGCAAGCTCAAGAAACCACCAAAGGCC
GATGGCAGTCATCGGGAGGACGATGAGGACAGCAAGCCCAAGCCAAACAGCGACCTGGAA
GCAGGGAAGAGTTTGCCTTTCATCTACGGGGACATCCCCCAAGGCCTGGTTGCAGTTCCC
CTGGAGGACTTTGACCCATACTATTTGACGCAGAAAACCTTTGTAGTATTAAACAGAGGG
AAAACTCTCTTCAGATTTAGTGCCACGCCTGCCTTGTACATTTTAAGTCCTTTTAACCTG
ATAAGAAGAATAGCTATTAAAATTTTGATACATTCAGTATTTAGCATGATCATTATGTGC
ACTATTTTGACCAACTGTGTATTCATGACTTTTAGTAACCCTCCTGACTGGTCGAAGAAT
GTGGAGTACACGTTCACAGGGATTTATACATTTGAATCACTAGTGAAAATCATTGCAAGA
GGTTTCTGCATAGATGGCTTTACCTTTTTACGGGATCCATGGAACTGGTTAGATTTCAGT
GTCATCATGATGGCGTATATAACAGAGTTTGTAAACCTAGGCAATGTTTCAGCTCTACGC
ACTTTCAGGGTACTGAGGGCTTTGAAAACTATTTCGGTAATCCCAGGCCTGAAGACAATT
GTGGGTGCCCTGATTCAGTCTGTGAAGAAACTGTCAGATGTGATGATCCTGACAGTGTTC
TGCCTGAGTGTTTTTGCCTTGATCGGACTGCAGCTGTTCATGGGGAACCTTCGAAACAAG
TGTGTTGTGTGGCCCATAAACTTCAACGAGAGCTATCTTGAAAATGGCACCAAAGGCTTT
GATTGGGAAGAGTATATCAACAATAAAACAAATTTCTACACAGTTCCTGGCATGCTGGAA
CCTTTACTCTGTGGGAACAGTTCTGATGCTGGGCAATGCCCAGAGGGATACCAGTGTATG
AAAGCAGGAAGGAACCCCAACTATGGTTACACAAGTTTTGACACTTTTAGCTGGGCCTTC
TTGGCATTATTTCGCCTTATGACCCAGGACTATTGGGAAAACTTGTATCAATTGACTTTA
CGAGCAGCCGGGAAAACATACATGATCTTCTTCGTCTTGGTCATCTTTGTGGGTTCTTTC
TATCTGGTGAACTTGATCTTGGCTGTGGTGGCCATGGCTTATGAAGAACAGAATCAGGCA
ACACTGGAGGAGGCAGAACAAAAAGAGGCTGAATTTAAAGCAATGTTGGAGCAACTTAAG
AAGCAACAGGAAGAGGCACAGGCTGCTGCGATGGCCACTTCAGCAGGAACTGTCTCAGAA
GATGCCATAGAGGAAGAAGGTGAAGAAGGAGGGGGCTCCCCTCGGAGCTCTTCTGAAATC
TCTAAACTCAGCTCAAAGAGTGCAAAGGAAAGACGTAACAGGAGAAAGAAGAGGAAGCAA
AAGGAACTCTCTGAAGGAGAGGAGAAAGGGGATCCCGAGAAGGTGTTTAAGTCAGAGTCA
GAAGATGGCATGAGAAGGAAGGCCTTTCGGCTGCCAGACAACAGAATAGGGAGGAAATTT
TCCATCATGAATCAGTCACTGCTCAGCATCCCAGGCTCGCCCTTCCTCTCCCGCCACAAC
AGCAAGAGCAGCATCTTCAGTTTCAGGGGACCTGGGCGGTTCCGAGACCCGGGCTCCGAG
AATGAGTTCGCGGATGACGAGCACAGCACGGTGGAGGAGAGCGAGGGCCGCCGGGACTCC
CTCTTCATCCCCATCCGGGCCCGCGAGCGCCGGAGCAGCTACAGCGGCTACAGCGGCTAC
AGCCAGGGCAGCCGCTCCTCGCGCATCTTCCCCAGCCTGCGGCGCAGCGTGAAGCGCAAC
AGCACGGTGGACTGCAACGGCGTGGTGTCCCTCATCGGCGGCCCCGGCTCCCACATCGGC
GGGCGTCTCCTGCCAGAGGCTACAACTGAGGTGGAAATTAAGAAGAAAGGCCCTGGATCT
CTTTTAGTTTCCATGGACCAATTAGCCTCCTACGGGCGGAAGGACAGAATCAACAGTATA
ATGAGTGTTGTTACAAATACACTAGTAGAAGAACTGGAAGAGTCTCAGAGAAAGTGCCCG
CCATGCTGGTATAAATTTGCCAACACTTTCCTCATCTGGGAGTGCCACCCCTACTGGATA
AAACTGAAAGAGATTGTGAACTTGATAGTTATGGACCCTTTTGTGGATTTAGCCATCACC
ATCTGCATCGTCCTGAATACACTGTTTATGGCAATGGAGCACCATCCTATGACACCACAA
TTTGAACATGTCTTGGCTGTAGGAAATCTGGTTTTCACTGGAATTTTCACAGCGGAAATG
TTCCTGAAGCTCATAGCCATGGATCCCTACTATTATTTCCAAGAAGGTTGGAACATTTTT
GACGGATTTATTGTCTCCCTCAGTTTAATGGAACTGAGTCTAGCAGACGTGGAGGGGCTT
TCAGTGCTGCGATCTTTCCGATTGCTCCGAGTCTTCAAATTGGCCAAATCCTGGCCCACC
CTGAACATGCTAATCAAGATTATTGGAAATTCAGTGGGTGCCCTGGGCAACCTGACACTG
GTGCTGGCCATTATTGTCTTCATCTTTGCCGTGGTGGGGATGCAACTCTTTGGAAAAAGC
TACAAAGAGTGTGTCTGCAAGATCAACCAGGACTGTGAACTCCCTCGCTGGCATATGCAT
GACTTTTTCCATTCCTTCCTCATTGTCTTTCGAGTGTTGTGCGGGGAGTGGATTGAGACC
ATGTGGGACTGCATGGAAGTGGCAGGCCAGGCCATGTGCCTCATTGTCTTTATGATGGTC
ATGGTGATTGGCAACTTGGTGGTGCTGAACCTGTTTCTGGCCTTGCTCCTGAGCTCCTTC
AGTGCAGACAACCTGGCTGCCACAGATGACGATGGGGAAATGAACAACCTCCAGATCTCA
GTGATCCGTATCAAGAAGGGTGTGGCCTGGACCAAACTAAAGGTGCACGCCTTCATGCAG
GCCCACTTTAAGCAGCGTGAGGCTGATGAGGTGAAGCCTCTGGATGAGTTGTATGAAAAG
AAGGCCAACTGTATCGCCAATCACACCGGTGCAGACATCCACCGGAATGGTGACTTCCAG
AAGAATGGCAATGGCACAACCAGCGGCATTGGCAGCAGCGTGGAGAAGTACATCATTGAT
GAGGACCACATGTCCTTCATCAACAACCCCAACTTGACTGTACGGGTACCCATTGCTGTG
GGCGAGTCTGACTTTGAGAACCTCAACACAGAGGATGTTAGCAGCGAGTCGGATCCTGAA
GGCAGCAAAGATAAACTAGATGACACCAGCTCCTCTGAAGGAAGCACCATTGATATCAAA
CCAGAAGTAGAAGAGGTCCCTGTGGAACAGCCTGAGGAATACTTGGATCCAGATGCCTGC
TTCACAGAAGGTTGTGTCCAGCGGTTCAAGTGCTGCCAGGTCAACATCGAGGAAGGGCTA
GGCAAGTCTTGGTGGATCCTGCGGAAAACCTGCTTCCTCATCGTGGAGCACAACTGGTTT
GAGACCTTCATCATCTTCATGATTCTGCTGAGCAGTGGCGCCCTGGCCTTCGAGGACATC
TACATTGAGCAGAGAAAGACCATCCGCACCATCCTGGAATATGCTGACAAAGTCTTCACC
TATATCTTCATCCTGGAGATGTTGCTCAAGTGGACAGCCTATGGCTTCGTCAAGTTCTTC
ACCAATGCCTGGTGTTGGCTGGACTTCCTCATTGTGGCTGTCTCTTTAGTCAGCCTTATA
GCTAATGCCCTGGGCTACTCGGAACTAGGTGCCATAAAGTCCCTTAGGACCCTAAGAGCT
TTGAGACCCTTAAGAGCCTTATCACGATTTGAAGGGATGAGGGTGGTGGTGAATGCCTTG
GTGGGCGCCATCCCCTCCATCATGAATGTGCTGCTGGTGTGTCTCATCTTCTGGCTGATT
TTCAGCATCATGGGAGTTAACTTGTTTGCGGGAAAGTACCACTACTGCTTTAATGAGACT
TCTGAAATCCGATTTGAAATTGAAGATGTCAACAATAAAACTGAATGTGAAAAGCTTATG
GAGGGGAACAATACAGAGATCAGATGGAAGAACGTGAAGATCAACTTTGACAATGTTGGG
GCAGGATACCTGGCCCTTCTTCAAGTAGCAACCTTCAAAGGCTGGATGGACATCATGTAT
GCAGCTGTAGATTCCCGGAAGCCTGATGAGCAGCCTAAGTATGAGGACAATATCTACATG
TACATCTATTTTGTCATCTTCATCATCTTCGGCTCCTTCTTCACCCTGAACCTGTTCATT
GGTGTCATCATTGATAACTTCAATCAACAAAAGAAAAAGTTCGGAGGTCAGGACATCTTC
ATGACCGAAGAACAGAAGAAGTACTACAATGCCATGAAAAAGCTGGGCTCAAAGAAGCCA
CAGAAACCCATTCCCCGCCCCTTGAACAAAATCCAAGGAATCGTCTTTGATTTTGTCACT
CAGCAAGCCTTTGACATTGTTATCATGATGCTCATCTGCCTTAACATGGTGACAATGATG
GTGGAGACAGACACTCAAAGCAAGCAGATGGAGAACATCCTCTACTGGATTAACCTGGTG
TTTGTTATCTTCTTCACCTGTGAGTGTGTGCTCAAAATGTTTGCGTTGAGGCACTACTAC
TTCACCATTGGCTGGAACATCTTCGACTTCGTGGTAGTCATCCTCTCCATTGTGGGAATG
TTCCTGGCAGATATAATTGAGAAATACTTTGTTTCCCCAACCCTATTCCGAGTCATCCGA
TTGGCCCGTATTGGGCGCATCTTGCGTCTGATCAAAGGCGCCAAAGGGATTCGTACCCTG
CTCTTTGCCTTAATGATGTCCTTGCCTGCCCTGTTCAACATCGGCCTTCTGCTCTTCCTG
GTCATGTTCATCTTCTCCATTTTTGGGATGTCCAATTTTGCATATGTGAAGCACGAGGCT
GGTATCGATGACATGTTCAACTTTGAGACATTTGGCAACAGCATGATCTGCCTGTTTCAA
ATCACAACCTCAGCTGGTTGGGATGGCCTGCTGCTGCCCATCCTAAACCGCCCCCCTGAC
TGCAGCCTAGATAAGGAACACCCAGGGAGTGGCTTTAAGGGAGATTGTGGGAACCCCTCA
GTGGGCATCTTCTTCTTTGTAAGCTACATCATCATCTCTTTCCTAATTGTCGTGAACATG
TACATTGCCATCATCCTGGAGAACTTCAGTGTAGCCACAGAGGAAAGTGCAGACCCTCTG
AGTGAGGATGACTTTGAGACCTTCTATGAGATCTGGGAGAAGTTCGACCCCGATGCCACC
CAGTTCATTGAGTACTGTAAGCTGGCAGACTTTGCAGATGCCTTGGAGCATCCTCTCCGA
GTGCCCAAGCCAAATACCATTGAGCTCATCGCTATGGATCTGCCAATGGTGAGCGGGGAT
CGCATCCACTGCTTGGACATCCTTTTTGCCTTCACCAAGCGGGTCCTGGGAGATAGCGGG
GAGTTGGACATCCTGCGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAGCGGTTCGTGGCATCCAATCCTTCCAAA
GTGTCTTACGAGCCAATCACAACCACACTGCGTCGCAAGCAGGAGGAGGTATCTGCAGTG
GTCCTGCAGCGTGCCTACCGGGGACATTTGGCAAGGCGGGGCTTCATCTGCAAAAAGACA
ACTTCTAATAAGCTGGAGAATGGAGGCACACACCGGGAGAAAAAAGAGAGCACCCCATCT
ACAGCCTCCCTCCCGTCCTATGACAGTGTAACTAAACCTGAAAAGGAGAAACAGCAGCGG
GCAGAGGAAGGAAGAAGGGAAAGAGCCAAAAGACAAAAAGAGGTCAGAGAATCCAAGTGT
TAG

Protein Properties

Number of Residues

1980

Molecular Weight

225278.0

Theoretical pI

6.18

Pfam Domain Function

Ion_trans (PF00520 )
IQ (PF00612 )
Na_trans_assoc (PF06512 )

Signals

None

Transmembrane Regions

128-151
160-179
193-211
218-237
253-277
388-413
748-772
784-807
816-835
842-862
878-898
952-977
1194-1217
1231-1256
1263-1284
1289-1310
1330-1351
1438-1464
1518-1541
1553-1576
1583-1606
1617-1638
1654-1676
1742-1766

Protein Sequence

>Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha
MAARLLAPPGPDSFKPFTPESLANIERRIAESKLKKPPKADGSHREDDEDSKPKPNSDLE
AGKSLPFIYGDIPQGLVAVPLEDFDPYYLTQKTFVVLNRGKTLFRFSATPALYILSPFNL
IRRIAIKILIHSVFSMIIMCTILTNCVFMTFSNPPDWSKNVEYTFTGIYTFESLVKIIAR
GFCIDGFTFLRDPWNWLDFSVIMMAYITEFVNLGNVSALRTFRVLRALKTISVIPGLKTI
VGALIQSVKKLSDVMILTVFCLSVFALIGLQLFMGNLRNKCVVWPINFNESYLENGTKGF
DWEEYINNKTNFYTVPGMLEPLLCGNSSDAGQCPEGYQCMKAGRNPNYGYTSFDTFSWAF
LALFRLMTQDYWENLYQLTLRAAGKTYMIFFVLVIFVGSFYLVNLILAVVAMAYEEQNQA
TLEEAEQKEAEFKAMLEQLKKQQEEAQAAAMATSAGTVSEDAIEEEGEEGGGSPRSSSEI
SKLSSKSAKERRNRRKKRKQKELSEGEEKGDPEKVFKSESEDGMRRKAFRLPDNRIGRKF
SIMNQSLLSIPGSPFLSRHNSKSSIFSFRGPGRFRDPGSENEFADDEHSTVEESEGRRDS
LFIPIRARERRSSYSGYSGYSQGSRSSRIFPSLRRSVKRNSTVDCNGVVSLIGGPGSHIG
GRLLPEATTEVEIKKKGPGSLLVSMDQLASYGRKDRINSIMSVVTNTLVEELEESQRKCP
PCWYKFANTFLIWECHPYWIKLKEIVNLIVMDPFVDLAITICIVLNTLFMAMEHHPMTPQ
FEHVLAVGNLVFTGIFTAEMFLKLIAMDPYYYFQEGWNIFDGFIVSLSLMELSLADVEGL
SVLRSFRLLRVFKLAKSWPTLNMLIKIIGNSVGALGNLTLVLAIIVFIFAVVGMQLFGKS
YKECVCKINQDCELPRWHMHDFFHSFLIVFRVLCGEWIETMWDCMEVAGQAMCLIVFMMV
MVIGNLVVLNLFLALLLSSFSADNLAATDDDGEMNNLQISVIRIKKGVAWTKLKVHAFMQ
AHFKQREADEVKPLDELYEKKANCIANHTGADIHRNGDFQKNGNGTTSGIGSSVEKYIID
EDHMSFINNPNLTVRVPIAVGESDFENLNTEDVSSESDPEGSKDKLDDTSSSEGSTIDIK
PEVEEVPVEQPEEYLDPDACFTEGCVQRFKCCQVNIEEGLGKSWWILRKTCFLIVEHNWF
ETFIIFMILLSSGALAFEDIYIEQRKTIRTILEYADKVFTYIFILEMLLKWTAYGFVKFF
TNAWCWLDFLIVAVSLVSLIANALGYSELGAIKSLRTLRALRPLRALSRFEGMRVVVNAL
VGAIPSIMNVLLVCLIFWLIFSIMGVNLFAGKYHYCFNETSEIRFEIEDVNNKTECEKLM
EGNNTEIRWKNVKINFDNVGAGYLALLQVATFKGWMDIMYAAVDSRKPDEQPKYEDNIYM
YIYFVIFIIFGSFFTLNLFIGVIIDNFNQQKKKFGGQDIFMTEEQKKYYNAMKKLGSKKP
QKPIPRPLNKIQGIVFDFVTQQAFDIVIMMLICLNMVTMMVETDTQSKQMENILYWINLV
FVIFFTCECVLKMFALRHYYFTIGWNIFDFVVVILSIVGMFLADIIEKYFVSPTLFRVIR
LARIGRILRLIKGAKGIRTLLFALMMSLPALFNIGLLLFLVMFIFSIFGMSNFAYVKHEA
GIDDMFNFETFGNSMICLFQITTSAGWDGLLLPILNRPPDCSLDKEHPGSGFKGDCGNPS
VGIFFFVSYIIISFLIVVNMYIAIILENFSVATEESADPLSEDDFETFYEIWEKFDPDAT
QFIEYCKLADFADALEHPLRVPKPNTIELIAMDLPMVSGDRIHCLDILFAFTKRVLGDSG
ELDILRQQMEERFVASNPSKVSYEPITTTLRRKQEEVSAVVLQRAYRGHLARRGFICKKT
TSNKLENGGTHREKKESTPSTASLPSYDSVTKPEKEKQQRAEEGRRERAKRQKEVRESKC

External Links

GenBank ID Protein

4958860

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID

Q9UQD0

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name

SCN8A_HUMAN

PDB IDs

1BYY

GenBank Gene ID

GeneCard ID

GenAtlas ID

HGNC ID

References

General References

Scherer SE, Muzny DM, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Montgomery KT, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Lovering RC, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Draper H, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Havlak P, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Li L, Li Z, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Plopper FJ, Santibanez J, Shen H, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang Q, Williams GA, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen CC, Amin AG, Anyalebechi V, Bailey M, Barbaria JA, Bimage KE, Bryant NP, Burch PE, Burkett CE, Burrell KL, Calderon E, Cardenas V, Carter K, Casias K, Cavazos I, Cavazos SR, Ceasar H, Chacko J, Chan SN, Chavez D, Christopoulos C, Chu J, Cockrell R, Cox CD, Dang M, Dathorne SR, David R, Davis CM, Davy-Carroll L, Deshazo DR, Donlin JE, D'Souza L, Eaves KA, Egan A, Emery-Cohen AJ, Escotto M, Flagg N, Forbes LD, Gabisi AM, Garza M, Hamilton C, Henderson N, Hernandez O, Hines S, Hogues ME, Huang M, Idlebird DG, Johnson R, Jolivet A, Jones S, Kagan R, King LM, Leal B, Lebow H, Lee S, LeVan JM, Lewis LC, London P, Lorensuhewa LM, Loulseged H, Lovett DA, Lucier A, Lucier RL, Ma J, Madu RC, Mapua P, Martindale AD, Martinez E, Massey E, Mawhiney S, Meador MG, Mendez S, Mercado C, Mercado IC, Merritt CE, Miner ZL, Minja E, Mitchell T, Mohabbat F, Mohabbat K, Montgomery B, Moore N, Morris S, Munidasa M, Ngo RN, Nguyen NB, Nickerson E, Nwaokelemeh OO, Nwokenkwo S, Obregon M, Oguh M, Oragunye N, Oviedo RJ, Parish BJ, Parker DN, Parrish J, Parks KL, Paul HA, Payton BA, Perez A, Perrin W, Pickens A, Primus EL, Pu LL, Puazo M, Quiles MM, Quiroz JB, Rabata D, Reeves K, Ruiz SJ, Shao H, Sisson I, Sonaike T, Sorelle RP, Sutton AE, Svatek AF, Svetz LA, Tamerisa KS, Taylor TR, Teague B, Thomas N, Thorn RD, Trejos ZY, Trevino BK, Ukegbu ON, Urban JB, Vasquez LI, Vera VA, Villasana DM, Wang L, Ward-Moore S, Warren JT, Wei X, White F, Williamson AL, Wleczyk R, Wooden HS, Wooden SH, Yen J, Yoon L, Yoon V, Zorrilla SE, Nelson D, Kucherlapati R, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12. Nature. 2006 Mar 16;440(7082):346-51. [PubMed:16541075 ]
Plummer NW, McBurney MW, Meisler MH: Alternative splicing of the sodium channel SCN8A predicts a truncated two-domain protein in fetal brain and non-neuronal cells. J Biol Chem. 1997 Sep 19;272(38):24008-15. [PubMed:9295353 ]
Plummer NW, Galt J, Jones JM, Burgess DL, Sprunger LK, Kohrman DC, Meisler MH: Exon organization, coding sequence, physical mapping, and polymorphic intragenic markers for the human neuronal sodium channel gene SCN8A. Genomics. 1998 Dec 1;54(2):287-96. [PubMed:9828131 ]
Carrithers MD, Chatterjee G, Carrithers LM, Offoha R, Iheagwara U, Rahner C, Graham M, Waxman SG: Regulation of podosome formation in macrophages by a splice variant of the sodium channel SCN8A. J Biol Chem. 2009 Mar 20;284(12):8114-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801892200. Epub 2009 Jan 9. [PubMed:19136557 ]