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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (39)transporters (2) Show 41 proteins XML

enzymes (39)transporters (2) Show 41 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2025-04-10 18:17:58 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000042

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00042

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Acetic acid

Description

Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid. It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids. is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar. Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil. Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20%. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent. Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations. Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465 ). Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract. (PMID: 24909875 ) Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus (PMID: 20444704 ; PMID: 22292465 ).

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

View in JSmol View NMR Assignments View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
Acide acetique	ChEBI
AcOH	ChEBI
CH3-COOH	ChEBI
CH3CO2H	ChEBI
e 260	ChEBI
e-260	ChEBI
e260	ChEBI
Essigsaeure	ChEBI
Ethanoic acid	ChEBI
Ethoic acid	ChEBI
Ethylic acid	ChEBI
HOAc	ChEBI
INS no. 260	ChEBI
MeCO2h	ChEBI
MeCOOH	ChEBI
Methanecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
Glacial acetic acid	Kegg
Acetasol	Kegg
Ethanoate	Generator
Ethoate	Generator
Ethylate	Generator
Methanecarboxylate	Generator
Glacial acetate	Generator
Acetate	Generator
Kyselina octova	HMDB
Vinegar	HMDB
Vinegar acid	HMDB
Acid, acetic	HMDB
Acetic acid glacial	HMDB
Acid glacial, acetic	HMDB
Acid, glacial acetic	HMDB
Acetic acid, glacial	HMDB
Glacial, acetic acid	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₂H₄O₂

Average Molecular Weight

60.052

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

60.021129372

IUPAC Name

acetic acid

Traditional Name

acetic acid

CAS Registry Number

64-19-7

SMILES

CC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4)

InChI Key

QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Carboxylic acids

Direct Parent

Carboxylic acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

monocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:15366 )
Straight chain fatty acids (C00033 )
Saturated fatty acids (C00033 )
Straight chain fatty acids (LMFA01010002 )

Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	16.6 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	1000 mg/mL	Not Available
LogP	-0.17	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Not Available

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	323 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-0.12	ALOGPS
logP	-0.22	ChemAxon
logS	0.73	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.54	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	37.3 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	12.64 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	5.34 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
DarkChem	[M+H]+	108.841	31661259
DarkChem	[M-H]-	100.688	31661259
AllCCS	[M+H]+	121.734	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	140.392	32859911
DeepCCS	[M+H]+	124.718	30932474
DeepCCS	[M-H]-	122.621	30932474
DeepCCS	[M-2H]-	158.826	30932474
DeepCCS	[M+Na]+	133.188	30932474
AllCCS	[M+H]+	121.7	32859911
AllCCS	[M+H-H2O]+	117.2	32859911
AllCCS	[M+NH4]+	126.0	32859911
AllCCS	[M+Na]+	127.2	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	140.4	32859911
AllCCS	[M+Na-2H]-	147.2	32859911
AllCCS	[M+HCOO]-	154.6	32859911

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic Method	Retention Time	Reference
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022	9.151 minutes	33406817
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid	205.5 seconds	40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	822.0 seconds	40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid	379.6 seconds	40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid	125.0 seconds	40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid	288.3 seconds	40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	99.7 seconds	40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	288.3 seconds	40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	285.7 seconds	40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)	353.8 seconds	40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid	663.1 seconds	40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	133.9 seconds	40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	815.9 seconds	40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	252.6 seconds	40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	327.4 seconds	40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate	671.8 seconds	40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA	320.3 seconds	40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water	318.9 seconds	40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Metabolite	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Acetic acid	CC(O)=O	1428.1	Standard polar	33892256
Acetic acid	CC(O)=O	594.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Acetic acid	CC(O)=O	608.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / Structure	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Acetic acid,1TMS,isomer #1	CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	687.6	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Acetic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	915.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256

Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0007-9000000000-a9a21f72ec25efbc1650	2017-09-12	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Experimental GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0007-9000000000-a9a21f72ec25efbc1650	2018-05-18	HMDB team, MONA, MassBank	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-03dl-9000000000-b96ad978047d68715939	2016-09-22	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00du-9100000000-8154631f77f485ee31b9	2017-10-06	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Acetic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-05	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-01oy-9000000000-181ada67a3e5798d4419	2014-09-20	Not Available	View Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-03di-9000000000-044b361cb9f5775c43fe	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-01ox-9000000000-6437eb5f6a38c054dc37	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)	splash10-0006-9000000000-0505dfa8ee07a18a3ef3	2012-07-24	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positive-QTOF	splash10-0007-9000000000-a0d65dd4e056c1482aaa	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-a845ea0157abb3d7783b	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-42ec023f024176a1c692	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-2bbab52cd9d076b89b2c	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-fb6d2f6298dd5bc37c2e	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-bc47c47ade16451259c7	2012-08-31	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-a845ea0157abb3d7783b	2017-09-14	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-42ec023f024176a1c692	2017-09-14	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-2bbab52cd9d076b89b2c	2017-09-14	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-fb6d2f6298dd5bc37c2e	2017-09-14	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-bc47c47ade16451259c7	2017-09-14	HMDB team, MONA	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-528a9b0672006e635695	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-a784dfc5bd03549bc072	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-01ox-9000000000-b71ac391a2b191d6ef01	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-034375837c4c93ddf819	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-f031d1f9ac695f944bbd	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-64f8448a12a6d78d84e4	2016-09-12	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c01bbbf5bed889264ddb	2021-09-21	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c01bbbf5bed889264ddb	2021-09-21	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-052f-9000000000-91545f233d6bc755c516	2021-09-21	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0006-9000000000-ee98b120aa7fd044da72	2021-09-25	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Acetic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-0006-9000000000-87bbaed151efac084591	2021-09-25	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	Source	View
Experimental 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	2021-09-16	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	2012-12-04	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	Source	View
Predicted IR Spectrum	IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)	2023-02-03	FELIX lab	View Spectrum
Predicted IR Spectrum	IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)	2023-02-03	FELIX lab	View Spectrum
Predicted IR Spectrum	IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)	2023-02-03	FELIX lab	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Breast Milk
Breath
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Kidney
Liver

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
Pyruvate metabolism	Not Available
Ethanol Degradation		Not Available
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis		Not Available
Amino Sugar Metabolism
Aspartate Metabolism

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.4 (22.0-40.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	26.8-64.2 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21359215	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	69.14(30.49) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	41.9 +/- 15.1 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21359215	details
Breast Milk	Detected and Quantified	27.5 +/- 28.2 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	24027187	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	116.0 +/- 55.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	284.0 +/- 126.0 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	15627241	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	58.0 +/- 27.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18502700	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	100.0 +/- 30.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	1931558	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	25670064	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	19167006	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21280206	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21280206	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21280206	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	21386183	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21386183	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	21494609	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	23454028	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	23940645	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	24375085	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	0-3037256.600 nmol/g wet feces	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	21970810	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	28701177	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	24130822	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24922509	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	26806034	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27065191	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27107423	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	27622378	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	28270806	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Silke Matysi...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Mette S. Sch...	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	37400 (12800-103400) nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	6740214	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	28587349	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	19006102	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18085514	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18052033	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17314143	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17269711	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	35860 +/- 16800 nmol/g wet feces	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	23997757	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	20055983	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	323 (17-4048) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	433 (19-2749) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	112 (5-726) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	6814.91 +/- 4310.71 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Zerihun T. Dame, ...	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	24421258	details
Saliva	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	12097436	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	228 (19-1495) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	443 (80-2667) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	10200 +/- 10200 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	185 (28-993) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	19259987	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	14640 +/- 13790 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	12650 +/- 12830 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	11350 +/- 12920 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	11220 +/- 10900 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	12350 +/- 14040 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	10340 +/- 10640 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24246267	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	8.9 +/- 7.2 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 17 years old)	Both	Normal	37446577	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.5-106 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	31506554	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0010 +/- 0.0021 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	25213569	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.2 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	25012580	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	45.33 +/- 53.33 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.31 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Shaykhutdinov RA,...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	22284503	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	13.0 (2.5-106.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	22932811	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	21389975	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	16.064 +/- 11.375 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Analysis of 30 no...	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	80.6 (101.5) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	23159745	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	42.2 +/- 17.3 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart Transplant	21359215	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	48.4 (50.4) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	22494326	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	17.9 (6.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	22494326	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25105552	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	48.55(36.76) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction	26010610	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	29.85 (8.26) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	25.69 (7.99) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect	24704061	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	22.9 +/- 31.703 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	28.26 +/- 12.83 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18	23535240	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	30.1 (22.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23313728	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	27.5 (17.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Down syndrome pregnancy	23313728	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	49.1 (52.5) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	23159745	details
Breath	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Asthma	17658592	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	35.3 - 211.7 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Multiple sclerosis	17611627	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal Cancer	27107423	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	23940645	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	autism	24130822	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified	24130822	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) non progressor	24922509	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) progressor	24922509	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Crohns disease	26806034	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	26806034	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - <8 years old)	Female	juvenile idiopathic arthritis	27021336	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Campylobacter jejuni infection	17314143	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	asymptomatic diverticulosis	27622378	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease	27622378	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Gout	28270806	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Colorectal cancer	Silke Matysi...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Autism	24130822	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Sepsis	28701177	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Intestinal infections	14684577	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative Colitis	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Clostridium difficile infection	17314143	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative Colitis	17314143	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	19006102	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Irritable bowel syndrome	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	21761941	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)	23454028	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	23940645	details
Feces	Detected and Quantified	0-4321921.00180 nmol/g wet feces	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Treated celiac disease	21970810	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Crohn’s Disease	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	28587349	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Colorectal cancer	25105552	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Irritable Bowel Syndrome	21494186	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Crohn's disease	17269711	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Genetically At-Risk of celiac disease	22432018	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	17.2 +/- 13.3 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 17 years old)	Both	Phenylketonuria	37446577	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	25.477 +/- 36.046 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Analysis of 30 no...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	21.8 +/- 0 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Aminoaciduria	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	13.2 +/- 5.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Maple syrup urine disease	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	375.3 +/- 6.3 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Phenylketonuria	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	16.3 +/- 7.1 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Phenylketonuria	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	99.4 +/- 8.6 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Tyrosinemia I	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	20.8 +/- 3 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Propionic acidemia	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	20.2 +/- 3.9 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Propionic acidemia	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	54.1 +/- 23.8 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASL)	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	12.9 +/- 0 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency	19551947	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	23.7 +/- 4.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency	19551947	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Breast cancer	22284503	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	53.0 +/- 71.0 umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Lung cancer	22157537	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Late-onset preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Pregnancy
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ] Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Early preeclampsia
Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Asthma
Dragonieri S, Schot R, Mertens BJ, Le Cessie S, Gauw SA, Spanevello A, Resta O, Willard NP, Vink TJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH, Sterk PJ: An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Oct;120(4):856-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.043. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [PubMed:17658592 ]
Multiple sclerosis
Lutz NW, Viola A, Malikova I, Confort-Gouny S, Audoin B, Ranjeva JP, Pelletier J, Cozzone PJ: Inflammatory multiple-sclerosis plaques generate characteristic metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One. 2007 Jul 4;2(7):e595. [PubMed:17611627 ]
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S, Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, Bailey J, Myers RP, Rioux KP: Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):868-75.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 27. [PubMed:23454028 ]
Enteritis
Probert CS, Jones PR, Ratcliffe NM: A novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. Gut. 2004 Jan;53(1):58-61. [PubMed:14684577 ]
Sepsis
Stewart CJ, Embleton ND, Marrs ECL, Smith DP, Fofanova T, Nelson A, Skeath T, Perry JD, Petrosino JF, Berrington JE, Cummings SP: Longitudinal development of the gut microbiome and metabolome in preterm neonates with late onset sepsis and healthy controls. Microbiome. 2017 Jul 12;5(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s40168-017-0295-1. [PubMed:28701177 ]
Gout
Shao T, Shao L, Li H, Xie Z, He Z, Wen C: Combined Signature of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in Patients with Gout. Front Microbiol. 2017 Feb 21;8:268. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00268. eCollection 2017. [PubMed:28270806 ]
Diverticular disease
Tursi A, Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Elisei W, Miccheli A, Capuani G, Tomassini A, Campagna G, Picchio M, Giorgetti G, Fabiocchi F, Brandimarte G: Assessment of Fecal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome in Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease of the Colon. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;50 Suppl 1:S9-S12. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000626. [PubMed:27622378 ]
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Autism
De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Cristofori F, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 9;8(10):e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. eCollection 2013. [PubMed:24130822 ]
Celiac disease
Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P, Gagliardi F, Laghi L, Crecchio C, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011 Oct 4;11:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-219. [PubMed:21970810 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ] Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c. [PubMed:21494186 ]
Colorectal cancer
Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345. [PubMed:19006102 ] Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013. [PubMed:23940645 ] Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ] Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762. [PubMed:27107423 ] Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20. [PubMed:28587349 ] Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255 [Link]
Ulcerative colitis
Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ] Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ] Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ] Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Crohn's disease
Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51. [PubMed:17269711 ] Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25. [PubMed:26806034 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Maple syrup urine disease
Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Phenylketonuria
Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Tyrosinemia I
Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Propionic acidemia
Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Argininosuccinic aciduria
Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment
Silva CL, Passos M, Camara JS: Solid phase microextraction, mass spectrometry and metabolomic approaches for detection of potential urinary cancer biomarkers--a powerful strategy for breast cancer diagnosis. Talanta. 2012 Jan 30;89:360-8. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.041. Epub 2011 Dec 22. [PubMed:22284503 ]
Lung Cancer
Stretch C, Eastman T, Mandal R, Eisner R, Wishart DS, Mourtzakis M, Prado CM, Damaraju S, Ball RO, Greiner R, Baracos VE: Prediction of skeletal muscle and fat mass in patients with advanced cancer using a metabolomic approach. J Nutr. 2012 Jan;142(1):14-21. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.147751. Epub 2011 Dec 7. [PubMed:22157537 ]

Associated OMIM IDs

600807 (Asthma)
126200 (Multiple sclerosis)
266600 (Crohn's disease)
114500 (Colorectal cancer)
212750 (Celiac disease)
209850 (Autism)
138900 (Gout)
211980 (Lung Cancer)
207900 (Argininosuccinic aciduria)
606054 (Propionic acidemia)
276700 (Tyrosinemia I)
261600 (Phenylketonuria)
248600 (Maple syrup urine disease)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB03166

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

15366

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

MarkerDB ID

MDB00000021

Good Scents ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Law, David John. Process for the preparation of carboxylic acids and/or derivatives thereof. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 14pp.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Nicholson JK, Foxall PJ, Spraul M, Farrant RD, Lindon JC: 750 MHz 1H and 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy of human blood plasma. Anal Chem. 1995 Mar 1;67(5):793-811. [PubMed:7762816 ]
Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed:12097436 ]
Muniz-Junqueira MI, Braga Lopes C, Magalhaes CA, Schleicher CC, Veiga JP: Acute and chronic influence of hemodialysis according to the membrane used on phagocytic function of neutrophils and monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in chronic renal failure patients. Life Sci. 2005 Nov 4;77(25):3141-55. Epub 2005 Jul 11. [PubMed:16005905 ]
Sugawara G, Nagino M, Nishio H, Ebata T, Takagi K, Asahara T, Nomoto K, Nimura Y: Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent postoperative infectious complications in biliary cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2006 Nov;244(5):706-14. [PubMed:17060763 ]
Camoutsis C, Trafalis D, Pairas G, Papageorgiou A: On the formation of 4-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl acetic acid esters of hecogenin and aza-homo-hecogenin and their antileukemic activity. Farmaco. 2005 Oct;60(10):826-9. Epub 2005 Aug 31. [PubMed:16139280 ]
Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. [PubMed:15627241 ]
Li M, Pan XL, Wang LL, Feng Y, Huang N, Wu Q, Li X, Wang BY: [Study of antmicrobial mechanisms of human cervical mucus: isolation and characterization of antibacterial polypeptides]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Apr 27;85(16):1109-12. [PubMed:16029568 ]
Vaca G, Hernandez A, Ibarra B, Velazquez A, Olivares N, Sanchez-Corona J, Medina C, Cantu JM: Detection of inborn errors of metabolism in 1,117 patients studied because of suspected inherited disease. Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1981;12(3):341-8. [PubMed:7294941 ]
Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. [PubMed:1931558 ]
Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A: [Magnification endoscopy diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus with methylene blue and acetic acid]. Nihon Rinsho. 2005 Aug;63(8):1411-5. [PubMed:16101231 ]
Fan DD, Luo Y, Mi Y, Ma XX, Shang L: Characteristics of fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli containing human-like collagen cDNA at different specific growth rates. Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Jun;27(12):865-70. [PubMed:16086249 ]
Syrjanen K, Naud P, Derchain S, Roteli-Martins C, Longatto-Filho A, Tatti S, Branca M, Erzen M, Hammes LS, Matos J, Gontijo R, Sarian L, Braganca J, Arlindo FC, Maeda MY, Lorincz A, Dores GB, Costa S, Syrjanen S: Comparing PAP smear cytology, aided visual inspection, screening colposcopy, cervicography and HPV testing as optional screening tools in Latin America. Study design and baseline data of the LAMS study. Anticancer Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;25(5):3469-80. [PubMed:16101165 ]
Yri OE, Bjoro T, Fossa SD: Failure to achieve castration levels in patients using leuprolide acetate in locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2006 Jan;49(1):54-8; discussion 58. Epub 2005 Nov 15. [PubMed:16314038 ]
Gupta A, Dwivedi M, Mahdi AA, Khetrapal CL, Bhandari M: Broad identification of bacterial type in urinary tract infection using (1)h NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res. 2012 Mar 2;11(3):1844-54. doi: 10.1021/pr2010692. Epub 2012 Jan 31. [PubMed:22292465 ]
Lam CW, Law CY, To KK, Cheung SK, Lee KC, Sze KH, Leung KF, Yuen KY: NMR-based metabolomic urinalysis: a rapid screening test for urinary tract infection. Clin Chim Acta. 2014 Sep 25;436:217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.05.014. Epub 2014 Jun 6. [PubMed:24909875 ]
Rey FE, Faith JJ, Bain J, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Newgard CB, Gordon JI: Dissecting the in vivo metabolic potential of two human gut acetogens. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 16;285(29):22082-90. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.117713. Epub 2010 May 5. [PubMed:20444704 ]
eMedicine [Link]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 41 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Key enzyme in ketogenesis (ketone body formation). Terminal step in leucine catabolism.
Gene Name:: HMGCL
Uniprot ID:: P35914
Molecular weight:: 34359.84

Reactions

3-Hydroxy-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)glutaryl-CoA → 7-Methyl-3-oxo-6-octenoyl-CoA + Acetic acid	details

Enzyme Details

2. Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 12

General function:: Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:: Hydrolyzes acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA.
Gene Name:: ACOT12
Uniprot ID:: Q8WYK0
Molecular weight:: 62033.46

Reactions

Acetyl-CoA + Water → Coenzyme A + Acetic acid	details

Enzyme Details

3. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic

General function:: Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity
Specific function:: Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation.
Gene Name:: ACSS2
Uniprot ID:: Q9NR19
Molecular weight:: 78579.11

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + Coenzyme A → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acetyl-CoA	details
Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid → Pyrophosphate + Acetyl adenylate	details

Enzyme Details

4. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in acetate-CoA ligase activity
Specific function:: Important for maintaining normal body temperature during fasting and for energy homeostasis. Essential for energy expenditure under ketogenic conditions (By similarity). Converts acetate to acetyl-CoA so that it can be used for oxidation through the tricarboxylic cycle to produce ATP and CO(2).
Gene Name:: ACSS1
Uniprot ID:: Q9NUB1
Molecular weight:: 74625.88

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + Coenzyme A → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acetyl-CoA	details
Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid → Pyrophosphate + Acetyl adenylate	details

Enzyme Details

5. Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3

General function:: Involved in arylesterase activity
Specific function:: Has low activity towards the organophosphate paraxon and aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Rapidly hydrolyzes lactones such as statin prodrugs (e.g. lovastatin). Hydrolyzes aromatic lactones and 5- or 6-member ring lactones with aliphatic substituents but not simple lactones or those with polar substituents.
Gene Name:: PON3
Uniprot ID:: Q15166
Molecular weight:: 39607.185

Reactions

A phenyl acetate + Water → a phenol + Acetic acid	details
4-Hydroxyphenyl acetate + Water → Hydroquinone + Acetic acid	details

Enzyme Details

6. Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1

General function:: Involved in arylesterase activity
Specific function:: Hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of a variety of organophosphorus insecticides. Capable of hydrolyzing a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and lactones, and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Mediates an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation.
Gene Name:: PON1
Uniprot ID:: P27169
Molecular weight:: 39730.99

Reactions

A phenyl acetate + Water → a phenol + Acetic acid	details
4-Hydroxyphenyl acetate + Water → Hydroquinone + Acetic acid	details

Enzyme Details

7. Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2

General function:: Involved in arylesterase activity
Specific function:: Capable of hydrolyzing lactones and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Has antioxidant activity. Is not associated with high density lipoprotein. Prevents LDL lipid peroxidation, reverses the oxidation of mildly oxidized LDL, and inhibits the ability of MM-LDL to induce monocyte chemotaxis.
Gene Name:: PON2
Uniprot ID:: Q15165
Molecular weight:: 39380.535

Reactions

A phenyl acetate + Water → a phenol + Acetic acid	details
4-Hydroxyphenyl acetate + Water → Hydroquinone + Acetic acid	details

Enzyme Details

8. 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction.
Gene Name:: ALDH9A1
Uniprot ID:: P49189
Molecular weight:: 56291.485

Reactions

Acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Acetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Ion	details

Enzyme Details

9. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. This protein preferentially oxidizes aromatic aldehyde substrates. It may play a role in the oxidation of toxic aldehydes.
Gene Name:: ALDH3A1
Uniprot ID:: P30838
Molecular weight:: 50394.57

Reactions

Acetaldehyde + NADP + Water → Acetic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Ion	details

Enzyme Details

10. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Multifunctional enzyme mediating important protective effects. Metabolizes betaine aldehyde to betaine, an important cellular osmolyte and methyl donor. Protects cells from oxidative stress by metabolizing a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. Involved in lysine catabolism.
Gene Name:: ALDH7A1
Uniprot ID:: P49419
Molecular weight:: 58486.74

Reactions

Acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Acetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Ion	details

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Monocarboxylate transporter 1

General function:: Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:: Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate
Gene Name:: SLC16A1
Uniprot ID:: P53985
Molecular weight:: 53957.7

References

Tamai I, Sai Y, Ono A, Kido Y, Yabuuchi H, Takanaga H, Satoh E, Ogihara T, Amano O, Izeki S, Tsuji A: Immunohistochemical and functional characterization of pH-dependent intestinal absorption of weak organic acids by the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;51(10):1113-21. [PubMed:10579682 ]

Enzyme Details

2. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost
Gene Name:: SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID:: O94956
Molecular weight:: 76697.9

References

Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [PubMed:12724351 ]
Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Functional characterization of pH-sensitive organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B in human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):438-45. Epub 2003 Nov 10. [PubMed:14610227 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 41 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Showing metabocard for Acetic acid (HMDB0000042)

MOL for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

3D MOL for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

3D SDF for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

PDB for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

3D PDB for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

SMILES for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

INCHI for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

Structure for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

3D Structure for HMDB0000042 (Acetic acid)

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Derivatized

GC-MS Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

NMR Spectra

IR Spectra

Enzymes

Reactions

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Transporters

References

References