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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (6)transporters (1) Show 7 proteins XML

enzymes (6)transporters (1) Show 7 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2023-05-30 20:55:58 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000033

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00033

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Carnosine

Description

Carnosine, which is also known as beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found exclusively in animal tissues and is naturally produced in the body by the liver. Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins, carnosine can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar) in muscles, with concentrations as high as 17-25 mmol/kg (dry muscle). Carnosine is also highly concentrated in brain tissues. Carnosine has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of fatty acids during oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against divalent metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, as well as its ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688 ). Carnosine also buffers muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013 ). Some autistic patients take carnosine as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. A positive association between muscle tissue carnosine concentration and exercise performance has been found. beta-Alanine supplementation is thought increase exercise performance by promoting carnosine production in muscle. Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in athletes engaging in anaerobic exercise. Carnosine is also a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Elevated levels of urinary and plasma carnosine are associated with carnosinuria (also known as carnosinemia), which is an inborn error of metabolism. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Carnosinas cleaves carnosine into its constituent amino acids: beta-Alanine and histidine. Carnonsinemia results in an excess of carnosine in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and nervous tissue. A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

View in JSmol View NMR Assignments View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Not Available

Chemical Formula

C₉H₁₄N₄O₃

Average Molecular Weight

226.2325

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

226.106590334

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

305-84-0

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

InChI Key

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Classification

Not classified

Ontology

Physiological effect

Health effect

Observation

Carnosinuria (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Fibroblast (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Nerve cell (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Tissue substructure

Muscle (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Cellular substructure

Cytoplasm (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Non-excretory biofluid

Biofluid or Excreta

Blood (HMDB: HMDB0000033)
Saliva (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Excreta

Biofluid or Excreta

Feces (HMDB: HMDB0000033)
Urine (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Organ

Tissue

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Route of exposure

Enteral

Ingestion (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Source

Endogenous

Endogenous (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Plant

Animal

Animal (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Pheasant (FooDB: FOOD00430)
Squab (FooDB: FOOD00481)
Turkey (FooDB: FOOD00494)
Quail (FooDB: FOOD00541)
Anatidae (FooDB: FOOD00576)
Rock ptarmigan (FooDB: FOOD00597)
Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) (FooDB: FOOD00610)
Chicken (FooDB: FOOD00329)
Mallard duck (FooDB: FOOD00353)
Emu (FooDB: FOOD00360)
Greylag goose (FooDB: FOOD00368)
Guinea hen (FooDB: FOOD00373)
Ostrich (FooDB: FOOD00422)
Velvet duck (FooDB: FOOD00427)

Lagomorph

Ovis

Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) (FooDB: FOOD00473)

Bovine

Venison

Deer (FooDB: FOOD00524)
Mule deer (FooDB: FOOD00348)
Elk (FooDB: FOOD00359)

Caprae

Domestic goat (FooDB: FOOD00529)

Swine

Domestic pig (FooDB: FOOD00536)
Wild boar (FooDB: FOOD00307)

Equine

Horse (FooDB: FOOD00378)

Synthetic

Personal care products

Personal care products (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Process

Naturally occurring process

Biological process

Biochemical pathway

Metabolic pathway

Histidine Metabolism (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Role

Industrial application

Personal care product

Personal care product (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Pharmaceutical industry

Antineoplastic agent

Antitumor (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Manufacturing industry

Material processing agent

Solid material processing agent

Protective agent

Antioxidant (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Coloring agent

Fluorescent agent

Anticonvulsant (HMDB: HMDB0000033)

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	253 - 256 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	384 mg/mL	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Molecular Properties

Not Available

Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Chromatographic Method	Retention Time	Reference
Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022.	1.66 minutes	32390414
Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022	9.0933 minutes	33406817
Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022	9.48 minutes	32390414
AjsUoB = Accucore 150 Amide HILIC with 10mM Ammonium Formate, 0.1% Formic Acid	435.2 seconds	40023050
Fem_Long = Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	369.8 seconds	40023050
Fem_Lipids = Ascentis Express C18 with (60:40 water:ACN):(90:10 IPA:ACN) and 10mM NH4COOH + 0.1% Formic Acid	253.4 seconds	40023050
Life_Old = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:(20:80 acetone:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid	42.0 seconds	40023050
Life_New = RP Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 with Water:(30:70 MeOH:ACN) and 0.1% Formic Acid	161.9 seconds	40023050
RIKEN = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	68.3 seconds	40023050
Eawag_XBridgeC18 = XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	300.1 seconds	40023050
BfG_NTS_RP1 =Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	235.6 seconds	40023050
HILIC_BDD_2 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN(0.1% formic acid):water(16 mM ammonium formate)	1015.8 seconds	40023050
UniToyama_Atlantis = RP Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) with ACN:Water and 0.1% Formic Acid	545.1 seconds	40023050
BDD_C18 = Hypersil Gold 1.9µm C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	44.0 seconds	40023050
UFZ_Phenomenex = Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex with Water:MeOH and 0.1% Formic Acid	658.2 seconds	40023050
SNU_RIKEN_POS = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	187.8 seconds	40023050
RPMMFDA = Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 with Water:ACN and 0.1% Formic Acid	300.5 seconds	40023050
MTBLS87 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water and :ammonium carbonate	702.6 seconds	40023050
KI_GIAR_zic_HILIC_pH2_7 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC with ACN:Water and 0.1% FA	721.4 seconds	40023050
Meister zic-pHILIC pH9.3 = Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column with ACN:Water 5mM NH4Ac pH9.3 and 5mM ammonium acetate in water	395.5 seconds	40023050

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Metabolite	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Carnosine	NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O	3266.4	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine	NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O	2290.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine	NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O	2484.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / Structure	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Carnosine,1TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	2338.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2448.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2271.8	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	2423.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	2478.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	2387.1	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	3387.8	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	2452.6	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	2287.6	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	3527.7	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	2282.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	2256.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	3535.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2558.6	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2564.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	3616.3	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2372.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2445.2	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	3446.0	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2552.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2439.6	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3505.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2362.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2331.0	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3571.0	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2588.1	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2478.6	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	3169.1	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2393.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2403.1	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	3050.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	2561.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	2408.6	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	3079.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	2402.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	2349.1	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	3294.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2495.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2560.9	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #5	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	3230.7	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2697.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2559.4	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #6	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	3268.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2475.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	2479.4	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TMS,isomer #7	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	3145.4	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2701.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2525.9	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2935.0	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2534.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2514.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #2	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2842.4	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2495.2	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2468.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #3	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2829.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2645.2	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2622.5	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TMS,isomer #4	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3006.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2676.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2596.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TMS,isomer #1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	2738.0	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	2588.0	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2647.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	2515.9	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,1TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	2679.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2897.2	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2757.2	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3390.3	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	2966.6	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	2706.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	3489.2	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2753.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2671.0	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3506.5	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2968.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2913.1	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3572.8	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2840.8	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2790.5	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3421.8	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3029.8	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2803.0	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3452.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2879.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	2730.3	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,2TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3496.7	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3235.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3025.4	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3263.2	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3052.3	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2923.2	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3185.3	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3247.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2979.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3191.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3104.4	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	2925.5	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3332.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	3155.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	3068.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #5	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	3303.4	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3378.6	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3096.5	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #6	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3331.7	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3198.2	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3018.2	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,3TBDMS,isomer #7	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3245.3	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3575.7	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3258.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3161.2	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3374.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3180.5	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #2	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3112.9	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3365.5	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3175.9	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #3	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3116.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3523.2	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3301.8	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,4TBDMS,isomer #4	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O	3208.6	Standard polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3698.8	Semi standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3442.7	Standard non polar	33892256
Carnosine,5TBDMS,isomer #1	CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C	3102.6	Standard polar	33892256

Spectra

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Feces
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Skeletal Muscle

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
beta-Alanine metabolism	Not Available
Histidine metabolism
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency		Not Available
Ureidopropionase Deficiency		Not Available
Carnosinuria, carnosinemia		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.1 +/- 7.5 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	6.54 +/- 1.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17031479	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00-0.10 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Molecular You	details
Blood	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	27543620	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	29808030	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.115 +/- 0.290 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.469 +/- 0.434 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Sugimoto et al. (...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.1+/-0.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Normal	9029640	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.2 +/- 4.36 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.5 +/- 2.7 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0 +/- 2.5 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.84 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	19309105	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	19.97 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Shaykhutdinov RA,...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.2 (0.2-4.1) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.5 (1.4-12.6) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.3608 +/- 20.3166 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Analysis of 30 no...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	34.427 +/- 47.016 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Analysis of 30 no...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0133 +/- 2.607 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.380 +/- 2.113 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.240 +/- 4.413 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.547 +/- 2.760 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.193 +/- 3.233 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.580 +/- 3.867 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.70-66.50 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	28974263	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.47-35.49 umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	32340350	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.24(0.55-32.95) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	32340350	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.67(0.45-36.23) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	32340350	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.05-115.48 umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.81-69.68 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.036-36.085 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<18.21 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<12.33 umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	<3.96 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Mayo Clinic	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	32966057	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	21.55 (8.70-83.05) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	Analysis of 40 NI...	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.28 +/- 0.91 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	17031479	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Crohns disease	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Ulcerative colitis	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Crohns disease	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Ulcerative colitis	27609529	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Quantified	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Unclassified IBD	27609529	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	56.56-113.1 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Carnosinuria	2674258	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.8 +/- 10.31 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	17031479	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.0 (0.0-2.2) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	MetaGene: Metabol...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	84.8 (56.5-113.0) umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	MetaGene: Metabol...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.2122 +/- 5.342 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Analysis of 30 no...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.7276 +/- 9.2518 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Analysis of 30 no...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.117 +/- 13.178 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Analysis of 30 no...	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Alzheimer's disease
Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
Crohn's disease
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Carnosinuria
Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ] G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.

Associated OMIM IDs

104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
266600 (Crohn's disease)
212200 (Carnosinuria)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

External Links

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Vezenkov, L.; Yanachkov, O. Synthesis of carnosine by trimethylsilyl protection. Dokladi na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite (1991), 44(8), 53-6

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA: Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9. [PubMed:15941308 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315. [PubMed:16181134 ]
Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, Worthington VC, Keown M, Michaelis J, Lawrence J, Mateen A, Allende L, Eagles PA, Abbott NJ: Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:37-53. [PubMed:9928418 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Osler A, Rubini C, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Borin G: Synthesis and evaluation of neuroprotective alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde scavenger histidyl-containing analogues of carnosine. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 22;48(19):6156-61. [PubMed:16162015 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C: Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):217-23. [PubMed:11707898 ]
Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. [PubMed:2674258 ]
Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. Epub 2005 Apr 2. [PubMed:15878720 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94. [PubMed:11976203 ]
Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50. [PubMed:1735411 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45. [PubMed:11470131 ]
Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K: High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Apr;52(2):199-205. [PubMed:12139778 ]
Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, Won MH, Kang TC: Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxide-mediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 Feb 28;13(1):107-12. [PubMed:11911459 ]
Willi SM, Zhang Y, Hill JB, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Holden KR: A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1997 Feb;41(2):210-3. [PubMed:9029640 ]
Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA: The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):725-9. [PubMed:16287364 ]
Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D: Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60. [PubMed:15853927 ]
Jackson MC, Lenney JF: The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):132-5. [PubMed:8689392 ]
Hipkiss AR: Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:369-74. [PubMed:16804013 ]
Guney Y, Turkcu UO, Hicsonmez A, Andrieu MN, Guney HZ, Bilgihan A, Kurtman C: Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(5):957-9. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [PubMed:16406688 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Myeloperoxidase

General function:: Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:: Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. In the stimulated PMN, MPO catalyzes the production of hypohalous acids, primarily hypochlorous acid in physiologic situations, and other toxic intermediates that greatly enhance PMN microbicidal activity.
Gene Name:: MPO
Uniprot ID:: P05164
Molecular weight:: 83867.71

References

Boldyrev A, Abe H, Stvolinsky S, Tyulina O: Effects of carnosine and related compounds on generation of free oxygen species: a comparative study. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Nov;112(3):481-5. [PubMed:8529024 ]

Enzyme Details

2. Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase

General function:: Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Specific function:: Preferential hydrolysis of the beta-Ala-|-His dipeptide (carnosine), and also anserine, Xaa-|-His dipeptides and other dipeptides including homocarnosine
Gene Name:: CNDP1
Uniprot ID:: Q96KN2
Molecular weight:: 56691.6

Enzyme Details

3. Histidine decarboxylase

General function:: Involved in carboxy-lyase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the biosynthesis of histamine from histidine.
Gene Name:: HDC
Uniprot ID:: P19113
Molecular weight:: 74139.825

References

Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, Mathuura S: Action of carnosine and beta-alanine on wound healing. Surgery. 1986 Nov;100(5):815-21. [PubMed:3095942 ]

Enzyme Details

4. Vimentin

General function:: Involved in structural molecule activity
Specific function:: Vimentins are class-III intermediate filaments found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells
Gene Name:: VIM
Uniprot ID:: P08670
Molecular weight:: 53651.2

References

Hipkiss AR: Could carnosine or related structures suppress Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2007 May;11(2):229-40. [PubMed:17522447 ]

Enzyme Details

5. Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s stabilize preexistent proteins against aggregation and mediate the folding of newly translated polypeptides in the cytosol as well as within organelles. These chaperones participate in all these processes through their ability to recognize nonnative conformations of other proteins. They bind extended peptide segments with a net hydrophobic character exposed by polypeptides during translation and membrane translocation, or following stress-induced damage. In case of rotavirus A infection, serves as a post-attachment receptor for the virus to facilitate entry into the cell
Gene Name:: HSPA1A
Uniprot ID:: P08107
Molecular weight:: 70051.6

References

Wada I, Otaka M, Jin M, Odashima M, Komatsu K, Konishi N, Matsuhashi T, Horikawa Y, Ohba R, Itoh H, Watanabe S: Expression of HSP72 in the gastric mucosa is regulated by gastric acid in rats-correlation of HSP72 expression with mucosal protection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Oct 20;349(2):611-8. Epub 2006 Aug 23. [PubMed:16945336 ]

Enzyme Details

6. Carnosine synthase 1

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the synthesis of carnosine and homocarnosine. Carnosine is synthesized more efficiently than homocarnosine.
Gene Name:: CARNS1
Uniprot ID:: A5YM72
Molecular weight:: 101318.725

Reactions

Adenosine triphosphate + Histidine + beta-Alanine → ADP + Phosphate + Carnosine	details
Adenosine triphosphate + Histidine + beta-Alanine → Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Carnosine	details

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Solute carrier family 15 member 2

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides
Gene Name:: SLC15A2
Uniprot ID:: Q16348
Molecular weight:: 81782.8

References

Teuscher NS, Keep RF, Smith DE: PEPT2-mediated uptake of neuropeptides in rat choroid plexus. Pharm Res. 2001 Jun;18(6):807-13. [PubMed:11474785 ]

Showing metabocard for Carnosine (HMDB0000033)

MOL for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D MOL for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D SDF for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

PDB for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D PDB for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

SMILES for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

INCHI for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

Structure for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

3D Structure for HMDB0000033 (Carnosine)

Predicted Retention Times

Underivatized

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Derivatized

Enzymes

References

References

References

References

Reactions

Transporters

References